Minimum alveolar concentration or MAC is the concentration of a vapour in the alveoli of the lungs that is needed to prevent movement (motor response) in 50% of subjects in response to surgical (pain) stimulus. MAC is used to compare the strengths, or potency, of anaesthetic vapours.^[1] The concept of MAC was first introduced in 1965.^[2]

For more information, see 'Change the order of animation effects on a slide' below. To preview all animation effects on the slide, on the Animations tab, under Preview, click Play. To display a blank chart at the beginning of the animation, with the animation effect selected in the Animation Pane, under Chart Animations, select the Start. Just stopping by to see if others are experiencing the same thing and if there's any workarounda at the moment. I'm using two screens as separate spaces inmacOS. I have the comp/timline in one separate window. Right clicking or opening any dropdown windows is not possible now. The dialog box won't. Motion 5.4.6 Full Version for Mac – Professional animation editor Designed for video editors, Motion is a powerful motion graphics tool that makes it easy to create cinematic 2D and 3D titles, fluid transitions, and realistic effects in real time. 2D and 3D Titles Import 360° media and design 360° titles, generators, and effects Build 3D titles from scratch, design them with easy-to-use. After effects cc mac free download. Audio & Video tools downloads - Adobe After Effects CC Update by Adobe Systems and many more programs are available for instant and free download. Get After Effects as part of Adobe Creative Cloud for just US$20.99/mo. Get After Effects as part of Adobe Creative Cloud for just US$20.99/mo. There’s nothing you can’t create with After Effects. Create cinematic movie titles, intros, and transitions. Remove an object from a clip.

MAC actually is a median value, not a minimum as term implies. The original paper proposed MAC as the minimal alveolar concentration,^[3] which was shortly thereafter revised to minimum alveolar concentration.^[4] A lower MAC value represents a more potent volatile anesthetic.

Other uses of MAC include MAC-BAR (1.7-2.0 MAC), which is the concentration required to block autonomic reflexes to nociceptive stimuli, and MAC-awake (0.3-0.5 MAC), the concentration required to block voluntary reflexes and control perceptive awareness.

Formal definition[edit]

The MAC is the concentration of the vapour (measured as a percentage at 1 atmosphere, i.e. the partial pressure) that prevents patient movement in response to a supramaximal ^[5] stimulus (traditionally a set depth and width of skin incisions) in 50% of subjects. This measurement is done at steady state (assuming a constant alveolar concentration for 15 minutes), under the assumption that this allows for an equilibration between the gasses in the alveoli, the blood and the brain. MAC is accepted as a valid measure of potency of inhalational general anaesthetics because it remains fairly constant for a given species even under varying conditions.

Meyer-Overton hypothesis[edit]

The MAC of a volatile substance is inversely proportional to its lipid solubility (oil:gas coefficient), in most cases. This is the Meyer-Overton hypothesis put forward in 1899–1901 by Hans Horst Meyer and Charles Ernest Overton. MAC is inversely related to potency, i.e. high MAC equals low potency.

The hypothesis correlates lipid solubility of an anaesthetic agent with potency (1/MAC) and suggests that onset of anaesthesia occurs when sufficient molecules of the anaesthetic agent have dissolved in the cell's lipid membranes, resulting in anaesthesia. Exceptions to the Meyer-Overton hypothesis can result from:

• convulsant property of an agent
• specific receptor (various agents may exhibit an additional effect through specific receptors)
• co-administration of Alpha₂ agonists (dexmedetomidine) and/or opioid receptor agonists (morphine/fentanyl) can decrease the MAC^[6][7]
• Mullin's critical volume hypothesis
• Positive modulation of GABA at GABA_A receptors by barbiturates or benzodiazepines

Factors affecting MAC[edit]

Certain physiological and pathological states may alter MAC. For example, MAC increases with hyperthermia and hypernatremia. Conversely, anemia, hypercarbia, hypoxia, hypothermia, hypotension (MAP < 40 mmHg), and pregnancy seem to decrease MAC. Duration of anesthesia, gender, height and weight seem to have little effect on MAC.

Age has been shown to affect MAC. MAC begins to rise at one month of age with a peak at approximately 6 months of age. There is a subsequent steady decline in MAC with increasing age, with the exception of another peak during puberty.^[4] There is a linear model that describes the change in MAC of approximately 6% per decade of age.

Medications, illicit drugs, and prior substance use history have also been found to affect MAC. For example, acute use of amphetamines, cocaine, ephedrine, and chronic use of alcohol increase MAC. Whereas, administration of propofol, etomidate, barbiturates, benzodiazepines, ketamine, opiates, local anesthetics, lithium, verapamil, and alpha 2-agonists (dexmedetomidine, clonidine) decrease MAC. Acute alcohol intoxication and chronic amphetamine use have also been found to decrease MAC.

MAC values are additive. For instance, when applying 0.3 MAC of drug X and 1 MAC of drug Y the total MAC achieved is 1.3 MAC. In this way nitrous oxide is often used as a 'carrier' gas to decrease the anesthetic requirement of other drugs.

Common MAC values[edit]

Values are known to decrease with age and the following are given based on a 40-year-old (MAC₄₀):^[8]

More Effects For Macbook Pro

• Nitrous oxide - 104 ^[8]
• Xenon - 72 ^[8]
• Desflurane - 6.6 ^[8]
• Ethyl Ether - 3.2
• Sevoflurane - 1.8 ^[8]
• Enflurane - 1.63 ^[8]
• Isoflurane - 1.17 ^[8]
• Halothane - 0.75 ^[8]
• Chloroform - 0.5
• Methoxyflurane - 0.16

References[edit]

1. ^'Policy: Ban on Use of Ether'. Laboratory Animal Science Center. Archived from the original on 2008-06-09. Retrieved 2008-11-10.
2. ^Eger EI, Saidman LJ, Brandstater B (1965). 'Minimum alveolar anesthetic concentration: a standard of anesthetic potency'. Anesthesiology. 26 (6): 756–63. doi:10.1097/00000542-196511000-00010. PMID5844267.
3. ^Merkel, Giles; Eger, Edmond I. (1963-05-01). 'A Comparative Study of Halothane and Halopropane AnesthesiaIncluding Method for Determining Equipotency'. The Journal of the American Society of Anesthesiologists. 24 (3): 346–357. doi:10.1097/00000542-196305000-00016. ISSN0003-3022. PMID13935000.
4. ^ ^abEger, Edmond I.; Saidman, Lawrence J.; Brandstater, Bernard (1965-11-01). 'Minimum Alveolar Anesthetic ConcentrationA Standard of Anesthetic Potency'. The Journal of the American Society of Anesthesiologists. 26 (6): 756–763. doi:10.1097/00000542-196511000-00010. ISSN0003-3022. PMID5844267.
5. ^Miller ANESTHESIOLOGY
6. ^* Daniel M, Weiskopf RB, Noorani M, Eger EI (January 1998). 'Fentanyl augments the blockade of the sympathetic response to incision (MAC-BAR) produced by desflurane and isoflurane: desflurane and isoflurane MAC-BAR without and with fentanyl'. Anesthesiology. 88 (1): 43–9. doi:10.1097/00000542-199801000-00009. PMID9447854.
7. ^Katoh T, Kobayashi S, Suzuki A, Iwamoto T, Bito H, Ikeda K (February 1999). 'The effect of fentanyl on sevoflurane requirements for somatic and sympathetic responses to surgical incision'. Anesthesiology. 90 (2): 398–405. doi:10.1097/00000542-199902000-00012. PMID9952144.
8. ^ ^abcdefgh* Nickalls, R. W. D., & Mapleson, W. W. (August 2003). 'Age-related iso-MAC charts for isoflurane, sevoflurane, and desflurane in man'. British Journal of Anaesthesia. 91 (2): 170–4. doi:10.1093/bja/aeg132. PMID12878613.CS1 maint: multiple names: authors list (link)

After Effects Mac

Use effects in iMovie on iPhone, iPad, or iPod touch

iMovie includes effects that can change the way your clips look. If you want a particular look, use a preset filter like B&W (black and white) or Sepia. And for any photos in your iMovie project, you can adjust the Ken Burns effect that sweeps across and zooms in and out on the image.

Use filters in iMovie on iPhone, iPad, or iPod touch

Add a filter to a single video clip in a project:

1. Tap a video clip in the timeline to select it.
2. Tap the Filters button , then tap a filter to preview it in the viewer.
   
3. Tap outside the filter to apply the filter, or tap None if you don’t want to use a filter.

You can also add a filter to an entire project:

1. Open a project.
2. Tap the Project Settings button , tap a filter, then tap Done. Filters are applied to all the video clips in the project, but not to photos or other still images.

If you want to add a filter to a photo, use the Photos app to apply a filter, then add the photo back into the timeline of your project. The Photos app includes many of the same filters as iMovie.

Adjust the Ken Burns effect

iMovie automatically applies the Ken Burns effect to any photos added to an iMovie project. You can adjust the effect or turn it off altogether.

1. In the timeline, tap the photo you want to adjust.
2. Tap the Actions button to show the Ken Burns effect controls in the viewer.
3. To set the way the photo is framed at the beginning, tap the Start button , then pinch to zoom in or out and drag the image in the viewer.
4. To set the way the photo is framed at the end, tap the End button , then pinch to zoom in or out and drag the image in the viewer.
5. To turn off the Ken Burns effect for the photo, tap Ken Burns Enabled .

Use video effects in iMovie on Mac

iMovie includes effects that can change the way your clips look. You can quickly improve the way a clip looks and sounds. If you want a particular look, use a preset filter like Black and White or Sepia. Adjust colors, match colors between clips, fix whites or grays, and more with the built-in automatic color adjustment tools. Or make manual color adjustments.

Quickly improve the way a clip looks and sounds in iMovie on Mac

To quickly improve the way a clip looks and sounds, select the clip in the browser or timeline, then click the Enhance button above the viewer.

Use a preset filter in iMovie on Mac

1. Select one or more clips in the browser or timeline, then click the Clip Filter and Audio Effects button above the viewer.
2. Click the Clip Filter button.
3. In the window showing the different filters, hold the pointer over a filter to preview the filtered clip in the viewer, then click a filter to apply it to the selected clips.
4. To turn off a filter, click the Clip Filter and Audio Effects button , then click Reset.
   

Automatically change video colors in iMovie on Mac

1. Select one or more video clips in the browser or timeline.
2. Click the Color Balance button above the viewer, then choose an option:
   • To make automatic color adjustments, click Auto.
   • To match colors between clips, click Match Color, drag your pointer (which is now an eyedropper) over another clip that you want match with the selected clip, then click when you’ve found a frame you want to use as the source for the color match.
   • To fix the whites or grays in a clip, click the White Balance button, then click the part of the clip that should be white or gray in the viewer.
   • To use skin tone to change the color of a clip, click the Skin Tone Balance button, then click an exposed part of someone’s skin in the clip in the viewer.
3. When done, click the Apply switch . To turn the effect on or off, drag the switch. Or click the Cancel button to remove the change.

Manually change video colors in iMovie on Mac

With the built-in color correction tools in iMovie, you make clips look as natural as possible, or you can completely alter the colors of clips. Select one or more clips in the browser or timeline, then click the Color Correction button above the viewer to show the color correction controls:

• To adjust shadows, brightness, contrast, or highlights, drag the sliders in the multislider control on the left.
• To adjust saturation (the intensity of the color), drag the Saturation control in the middle.
• To adjust color temperature, drag the Color Temperature control on the right.

Learn more

• Adjust video speed and add a freeze frame: